The New Threat to Endangered Species? The Trump Administration
New rules will weaken the landmark law intended to save plants and animals on the brink.
©Celia Jacobs
Endangered species come on lists. But lists obscure relationships. What can it mean that a few mussels, some snails we’ve never heard of, obscure crayfish in marginal headwaters and some island-confined songbirds are vanishing? Some 1,650 species of animals and plants in the United States are listed under federal law as endangered or threatened. But when they are reduced to a line item on a list, their multimillion-year existences and roles in the complex living communities that include humans become invisible. Each minor species, whispering its testimony quietly from its corner, cannot make the larger class-action case, which is that, everywhere, trouble finds them.
Now there’s more trouble. Until now, the principal existential threats to free-living species have included urbanization, expanding intensive agriculture, pesticides, plastics, river pollution, dams, invasive species and the three “overs”: overcutting, overhunting, overfishing. Now we can add to that list President Trump, his administration and complicit Republicans in Congress.
The Trump administration has announced new rules that will significantly weaken the way the nation’s Endangered Species Act is applied, potentially opening the way for mining, oil and gas drilling and development that will undermine or doom components of our nation’s living endowment. The rules affect future listings and threaten to throw into reverse the enormous success over nearly 50 years of saving animals and plants from extinction and elevating their prospects.
Unable to kill or neuter the act legislatively because of strong support for the law even in the Republican-held Congress of the first two years of his presidency, Mr. Trump now is eviscerating it by gutting regulations that make it effective. Perhaps most crucially, the rule diminishes “critical habitat” protections, like those for areas formerly occupied by now-endangered species, though such habitat is the only hope many depleted species have for eventual recovery. The rule is intended to impede the listing process and ignore declining habitat viability caused by climate change. And for the first time, a tally of financial considerations will accompany discussions on the fate of species.
A release from the Interior Department about the new rules was accompanied by endorsements from 15 Republican lawmakers and officials from the National Association of Home Builders, the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, the Public Lands Council representing cattle and sheep producers and the Western Energy Alliance, a group of oil and gas producers. There was no mention of the many excoriating statements issued by environmental groups.
It used to be that animals did not need us. Now they do. Unless we value their existence, the modern tide will engulf and obliterate them. Their survival — like our great-grandchildren’s — is a moral matter. No religion has ever preached that our role on earth is to destroy, or to leave less for those who’ll come after us. No wisdom tradition teaches that it’s O.K. for a generation to drive the world toward ruin. We are taught instead that we must safely pilot the ark.
The tragedy of this situation is that the Endangered Species Act has been such an enormous success in the United States that it is the model for other countries around the world.
A rare and endangered California condor. ©David McNew/Getty Images
Some turnarounds have been triumphs for large, much-loved species. Almost 80 percent of marine mammals and 75 percent of sea turtles that attained protection under the law have increased significantly. The California condor, the largest bird in North America, was so close to extinction in the 1980s that the remaining 20 or so in the wild were captured and bred for release. The program’s 1,000th condor chick recently hatched, and there are now some 230 free-flying birds in California, Arizona and Baja California. Bald eagles rocketed back from a DDT-devastated low of roughly 400 breeding pairs in the lower 48 states in the early 1960s to some 14,000 breeding pairs and 70,000 bald eagles of all ages south of Canada today. Now a common winter sight on the lower Hudson River within view of Manhattan, they’ve been off the list since 2007.
Other recoveries enabled by the law have been so spectacular that it’s hard to imagine certain species as rare. These include brown pelicans, which increased by more than 700 percent in 40 years, and the American alligator, listed as endangered in 1967 and off the list by 1987.
The black-footed ferret was twice considered extinct. When researchers discovered a remnant population of 20, captive breeding eventually allowed releases in the wild from 1991 to 2009. Now about 300 mature ferrets live in two dozen locations in the West. The Puerto Rican parrot fell from thousands in the 1930s to 13 in 1975. Intensive captive breeding and restoration have built the free-living population to a tenuous 100 or so. Gray wolves were restored to Yellowstone National Park in the late 1990s. They’re still gone from about 95 percent of their former range south of Canada, but now lope through much of the northern Rockies.
A gray wolf. ©Lynn Bystrom/iStock, via Getty Images
And because of the Endangered Species Act, the United States has made possible much wildlife recovery work abroad, including sea turtle nesting protections that I’ve witnessed from the Caribbean to Indonesia, and many other projects.
The things that threaten other species, threaten us. How could they not? Degradation of land, exhaustion of soil, sickening pollution of our water and air — when species become endangered it is because deeply systemic threats have become symptomatic.
But the cheering fact is: When we make the effort, saving species works. “I have learned from studying species entering the extinction vortex that it’s actually hard to make something go extinct,” says Les Kaufman, an ecologist at Boston University. “There is a protracted time during which conservation efforts can pay off. The tragedy is that we seldom take advantage of this, though a deep love of nature exists in many people.”
For exerting our collective love of nature toward maintaining and recovering plants and animals on the brink, no more important or effective mechanism exists than the United States Endangered Species Act — which the Trump administration now seeks to torpedo. President Richard M. Nixon signed the law in 1973, saying, “Nothing is more priceless and more worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed.”
Blessed, indeed. “America the beautiful” is our nation’s expression of moral gratitude for the most fortunate thing that unites our country from sea to shining sea. The Endangered Species Act is our legal recognition of the stewardship responsibilities of our dominion. To take it apart is to contribute to the thanklessness — one might say contempt — for what has made our nation great.